Urinalysis of Four Urine Samples

Urinalysis of Four piss SamplesUrinalysis Practical understateAs you have learned, the urinary system dos many vital functions in the body includingRegulating neckcloth volume and pressure by regulating water excretion,Regulating plasma ion/solute concentrations by adjusting pee composition,Assisting blood pH stabilisation,Removing nitrogenous waste,Conserving water and important nutrients andAssisting the colored in detoxifying poisons.Therefore, analysing a sample of urine from a person can erect important in ecesis on the health of that person. Urinalysis can reveal diseases such as diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infections and renal (kidney) infections such as glomeronephritis and kidney stones (renal calculi).A medical professional whitethorn perform a urinalysis for several reasonsAs a general health check-up,Diagnosing metabolic or systemic diseases that affect renal function (heart failure will lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, pre-eclampsia during pregnanc y will lead to increased protein in the urine),Diagnosis of endocrine disorders e.g. infertility (low levels of FSH and/or LH),Diagnosis of urinary system disease,Monitoring of glucose levels in patients with diabetes,Testing for pregnancy (hCG levels secreted by the embryo),Screening for dose custom.Urinalysis is a technique involving physical, chemical and microscopic analyses of a sample of urine.Physical parameters Normal urine is a clear yellow garble due(p) to the aim of uribilin. Abnormal urine may be dark orange, red or brown and cloudy in appearance. This can be due to the front man of red and/or white blood cells or pigments and may allude a urinary tract or renal infection or disease, liver or gall bladder disease. Normal urine has a specific gravity of between 1.002 1.028 (this is a measure of the number of particles/solutes in the urine, its concentration). A urine sample that has an elevated specific gravity can indicate dehydration, diarrhea/vomiting, glucosur ia, inappropriate ADH secretion. A diminished specific gravity may indicate such diseases as renal failure or pyelonephritis.Chemical parameters The chemical analysis of urine is routinely performed using an inexpensive and relatively accurate dipstick political campaign (Uristix from Bayer or other brands). The test uses a reagent-coated plastic stick that is placed or dipped into the urine sample. The reagent areas change touch according to the presence of glucose and/or protein.(a)Figure 1. Colour chart (a) for determination of glucose and/or protein. The glucose test on the dipstick is based on a double sequential enzyme reaction. 1 enzyme, glucose oxidase, catalyses the formation of gluconic bitter and hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation of glucose (if present in the urine). A second enzyme, peroxidase, catalyses the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with a potassium iodide chromogen to oxidise the chromogen to act upon ranging from green to brown. Normal urine has slight th an 0.1% glucose concentration.The protein test on the dipstick is based on the protein-error-of-indicators principle. At a constant pH, the development of any green colour is due to the presence of protein. Colours range from yellow for negative through yellow-green and green to green-blue for positive reactions. Normal urine has a protein concentration of less than 100 g/ml. Although the dipstick test is semi-quantitative, significantly more accurate levels of glucose and protein can be determined by other means. In this practical you will use a BCA Assay (discussed later) to quantify the amount of protein present in a sample of urine.Urinalysis may as well include assaying for levels of ketones (an indicator of diabetic ketosis, temperance or starvation), blood cells (indicating infection or kidney stones), bilirubin (liver or gall bladder disease), drugs and many other substances.Microscopic parameters The urine sample can also be analysed by a microscope, often after staining to reveal any pathogens such as bacteria, urine crystals, cells and/or mucous. The presence of any of these may indicate infection or disease and further medical investigation will provide a thorough diagnosis.AimThe aim of this practical is to perform glucose and protein urinalysis techniques on five samples of urine provided by five patients and use this information to provide an initial diagnosis for each patient.Part One development Dipsticks To Provide A Qualitative Measure of Protein And/Or Glucose.Materials5 samples of urine labelled A E (these will be required for Parts One and Two),5 Uristix dipsticks.MethodPerform a basic physical analysis of the urine samples noting the colour and cloudiness of each sample piddle AUrine BUrine CUrine DUrine EColourCloudinessImmerse a dipstick into each of the samples, wait 60 seconds and prove your results using the colour chart in Figure 1 to determine if the sample contains glucose and/or protein or neither substanceUrine AUrine BUri ne CUrine DUrine EGlucoseProteinKetones shunNegativeNegativeNegativeStrongly positiveBloodNegativeNegativeTraceNegativeNegativePart Two Using A Commercial BCA Assay To Provide A Quantitative Measure of Protein.BackgroundThe BCA Protein Assay exploits the chemical reduction of Cu2+ to Cu1+ by protein in an alkaline medium with the selective colorimetric detection of the cuprous cation (Cu1+) by bicinchoninic acid (BCA). The first quantity is the chelation of copper with protein in an alkaline environment to form a blue coloured complex. In this reaction, known as the biuret reaction, peptides containing three or more amino group acid residues form a coloured chelate complex with cupric ions in an alkaline environment containing sodium potassium tartrate. Single amino acids and dipeptides do not give the biuret reaction, but tripeptides and larger polypeptides or proteins will react to produce the light blue to violet complex that absorbs light at 540 nm.In the second step of the col our development reaction, BCA, a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection reagent reacts with the Cu1+ that was formed in step 1. The purple-coloured reaction harvest is formed by the chelation of two molecules of BCA with one Cu1+. The BCA/Cu complex is water-soluble and exhibits a strong linear absorbance at 562 nm with increasing protein concentrations.The rate of BCA colour formation is dependent on the incubation temperature, the types of protein present in the sample and the relative amounts of reactive amino acids contained in the proteins.Figure 2. Reaction diagram for the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay.MaterialsThe 2 samples of urine from Part One that were positive for protein,Protein stock ensample (BSA, bovine serum albumin) at 1mg/ml,0.9% Saline (diluent)BCA (bicinchoninic acid) Working Reagent (labelled BCA WR),6 Tubes for dilutions for the standard curve,96 Well microtitre plate,P100, P200 P1000 pipettes tips,Marker pen,37C Incubator,Microtitr e plate reader set to read at a wavelength of 562 nm.MethodSet up the dilutions for your standard curve, sound out your tubes as 1,2,3,4,5 6,Prepare your standards according to the table belowDilution tube Volume of diluent (l)Volume of BSA or from tube (l)Final BSA (protein) concentration (g/ml)10 l300 l BSA10002250 l250 l bsa5003250 l250 l Tube 22504250 l250 l Tube 31255800 l200 l Tube 4256 Blank250 l00Label your microtitre plate so that you know which wells hold your standards and which contain your samples (perform in triplicate),Pipette 25 l of each standard (in triplicate) and sample (in triplicate) to each well,Add 200 l of the Working Reagent to each standard or sample and shake for 30 seconds,Cover the plate and treat at 37C for 30 minutes,Cool the plate to room temperature,Measure the absorbances at 562 nm on a microtitre plate reader, insert the norm pass judgments in the table belowDilution tube Average absorbance at 562 nm (add 3 values divide by 3)Subtract blank( Tube 6) fromvalue in previous towerFinal BSA (protein) concentration (g/ml)110002500325041255256 Blank0Sample 1Sample 2Prepare your standard curve use the corrected absorbance readings for standards 1 6 (in column 3 in the previous table) and plot them against the amount of BSA in each tube,Once you have plotted your standard curve, you can determine the protein concentration in your samples, enter this value into the table above.The patient scenarios are outlined below. You now need to match the urine samples with their corresponding patient scenarios and include justification for your decisions in your practical reportPatient ScenariosKidney Stones Nida is a 17 course of study old student. She arrives at her GP feeling nauseous, feverish with acute pain in her impose back. She is also passing large amounts of blood in her urine.Glucose Drink Thomas has just started a new job but is feeling quite dysphoric has lost weight. He arrives to see his GP but has had to skip lunch s o drinks a litre of cola to maintain his energy levels.Diabetic jennet is studying for her A levels. Recently she has been losing weight although she is eating much more than usual is always hungry.Athlete Dave is a professional athlete requires a blood urine test before competing in his next event. His test results are negative for drugs but are positive for another substance.Nephrotic syndrome Keely is a 20 year old student. She has been feeling very unwell for some time with general fatigue, listlessness, weight loss puffiness around her eyes ankles. Her urine is very slight very dark in colour

Humans Impact On Biomes Environmental Sciences Essay

charitables Impact On Biomes Environmental Sciences EssayHuman beings have continuously continued with interference of different biomes and thus bringing various modifications to these biomes. If efforts are not enhanced in conserving the inseparable world, we shall continue experiencing deteriorating endure factors like the global warming. Failure to conserve our biosphere will ultimately hurt the world race. This annotated bibliography gives insight on the resources that provide useful information on refer of human beings on different biomesThe authors provide a discussion on the loss and degradation of natural habitats that has continued unabated. It recommends on the assessment of the progress that has been achieved for the abide ten years since the World Summit on Environment was last held. Various systems are discussed which are substantial with economic benefits as per the available data on habitat conservation. The proof contributor will have insight on events discu ssed during the World summit and give aways that were recommended. The events are discussed in a systematic manner providing the reader with easier reading. This name is recommendable to any searcher or student in this palm.Carpenter, Stephen. Ecosystems and Human Well-being, Volume 2. Washington D.C., DC IslandPress, 2005In this maintain, the author implores various scenarios which provide an important tool for the analysis of complex systems. In addition, they give a good understanding of different outcomes which have a chance of occurring. There is a maturation demand for ecosystem services and thus this accommodate provides four approaches which are highly sought. The first is Global Orchestration approach which focuses on equity, the growth of the economy and the issue preventing ecosystem problems. The second is the order from strength which lays an emphasis on security and economic growth. The third is mosaic which focuses on management of ecosystems. Finally, is the technogarden which is concerned with green technology as a form of managing ecosystems? This book is important in giving insights to the learner on different biomes and various management approachesChapin, Francis. Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship Resilience-based Natural ResourceManagement in a changing World. Stockholm Stockholm University, 2009.The author implores the implementation of a steady-state theory and policies. This tends to invest in controlling a few selected ecosystem processes, at the set down of long-term social-ecological resilience. Loss of resilience makes systems more vulnerable to both expected and unforeseen changes. Achieving desirable outcomes for humanity, such as those of the UN Millennium Development Goals on poverty, intellectual nourishment security, and environmental sustainability, will enquire new integrated and adaptive approaches to social and economic development. This is where the complex interconnectedness between humans and nature, at a ll scales, is considered and the universe of discourse of uncertainty and surprise accepted as the rule. The author provides a new framework for resource management that is based on the necessity of managing resources in a world dominated by uncertainty and change. This book is essential to readers as it links recent advances in the theory of resilience, sustainability, and vulnerability with practical issues of resource management.Chapin, Stuart, et al. Consequences of Changing Biodiversity. Nature 405.2 (2000) 234-242.The authors outline various activities which causes fittings of the global environment. This has caused major extinctions to be exhibited in the history of man. As a result, there has been a marked change in the distribution and occurrence on various organisms. Ecological habitats have changed as organisms try to adapt to the changing ecosystems. The processes that take place in the ecosystem are change and the resilience to the environmental changes is affected. As a result, various consequences are faced which are often not good. The huge ecological and societal consequences of altered biodiversity ought to be reduced. This will help in preserving available options for future answers to global environmental problems. The authors use simple language which can be easily understood by readers. It is relevant in providing answers to various global environmental problems.Cowling, Ricky, Richardson, David and Pierce, S. Vegetation of Southern Africa. CambridgeCambridge University Press, 2004The authors provide comprehensive details about different vegetation types that occupy various part of southern Africa. Despite the region having a cohesive ecological unit, it has different ecosystems which brings a notable diversity. The author presents this book in three parts which are part one covers historical perspectives providing an understanding to the different ecosystems, part two provides the reader with the different characteristics and the det ermining factors for the vegetations, part three gives an insight into situation ecological themes like fire, grazing among others. This book provides its reader with profound knowledge on vegetation and effects of various factors.Dickinson, Gordon, Murphy, Kevin J., and Murphy, Kevin. Ecosystems. New York, NYRoutledge, 2007The authors give a persuasion provoking introduction about the ecosystems nature. In addition, various ecosystem types are discussed and their interactions with the actions of human beings are given. In this second edition, an update of recent research on this field of bionomics is provided giving major discoveries and their addition to this wide field. The authors are able to incorporate a strong theme about the application of functional ecology in providing an understanding of the working nature of ecosystems. Moreover, this book provides the reader with more insight on how to apply the concepts of the ecosystems in the subject of science and applied science . The book contains various chapters like global environmental change and impacts on the ecosystem which serves in the understanding of the biomes in the earths atmosphere. The language used in this book is simple for the reader and the information given is relevant in the study of impacts of human beings on the biomes.Ellis, Erle and Ramankutty, Navin. Putting People in a Map Anthropogenic Biomes of theWorld Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6. 2 (2008) 439-447.The authors discuss how humans have essentially altered global patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. The existing systems for representing these global patterns, including biome classifications, either ignore humans exclusively or simplify human influence into, at most, four categories. The authors present the first characterization of world(a) biomes based on global patterns of sustained, direct human interaction with ecosystems. The authors identify, octonaryeen anthropogenic biomes through empirical analysis of global population, land use, and land cover. More than 75% of Earths ice-free land showed evidence of alteration as a result of human residence and land use, with less than a quarter remaining as wild lands. This supports just 11% of terrestrial net primary production. Anthropogenic biomes offer a new way forward by acknowledging human influence on global ecosystems and moving us toward models and investigations of the terrestrial biosphere that integrate human and ecological systems. The authors present a comprehensive analysis presenting the reader with easier understanding.Goudie, Andrew. The Human Impact on the Natural Environment Past, set and Future.Oxford, UK Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.The author provides a wide coverage of environmental issues that are being exhibited in the original modern world. The book is a good resource to ecology students as it begins by covering past events on human impacts on earth, presents the current issues and finally gives a projection of the future. It tackles impacts man has on the vegetation, water, landforms, and animals among others. In addition, it provides current statistics about human impacts on the environment. The text is presented in a new design which makes it more presentable and easy to be used by the readers. This book is relevant to the topic of the study by giving important information on the past, present and future impacts of humans on the biome.Nilsson, Christer, Reidy, Catherine, Dynesius, Mats and Revenga, Carmen. Fragmentation andFlow prescript of the Worlds Large River Systems. Science 308. 5720 (2005) 405-408.The authors provide a global overview of dam-based impacts on large river systems which show that over half (172 out of 292) are affected by dams, including the eight most biogeographically diverse. Dam-impacted catchments experience higher irrigation pressure and about 25 times more economic activity per unit of water than do unaffected catchments. In view of projected changes in c limate and water resource use, these findings can be used to identify ecological risks associated with further impacts on large river systems. This article is recommended to students learning about different biomes and the impacts of man on them. The discussion is presented in an easily understandable language which students will find useful in their research and readings.Woodruff, David. Declines of Biomes and Biotas and the Future of Evolution PNAS 98. 10(2007) 5471-5476.The article outlines details of a panel discussing the topic of study. To respond to the declines of biomes and homogenization of biotas, the panelists predicted changes in species geographic ranges, genetic risks of extinction, genetic assimilation, and natural selection and mutation rates. In addition, the shortening of food chains, the increase in nutrient-enriched niches permitting the ascendancy of microbes, and the differential survival of ecological generalists are also discussed. Action interpreted over th e next few decades will determine how impoverished the biosphere will be in 1,000 years when many species will suffer reduced evolvability and require interventionist genetic and ecological management. Whether the biota will continue to provide the dependable ecological services humans take for granted is less clear. The discussants offered recommendations, including two of predominate importance (concerning human populations and education), seven identifying specific scientific activities to better equip us for stewardship of the processes of evolution, and one suggesting that such stewardship is now our responsibility. The article is relevant in providing the reader with insights in to the topic on human impacts on biomes.

Nociception :: Biology Essays Research Papers

NociceptionPain is possibly the most unpleasant sensations our senses can break. flat though we typically coin over to remember what irritation haves like when we are non experiencing it, we certainly do not wish to experience unhinge. Despite pains unpleasantness, it has to be appreciated for what it is. Namely, a utensil that allows us to avoid risky situations, to counteract further damage, and to promote the healing process. Pain allows us to remove ourselves path dangerous situations, as we attempt to move away from noxious stimuli that cause pain. As we attempt to escape stimuli that cause pain after an initial insult on our frame, pain can prevent further damage form occurring. Finally, pain promotes the healing process as we take great care to protect an injure body part form further damage as to minimize the experience of more pain. How is this unpleasant, yet helpful sensation detected? Nociception is the term ordinarily used to refer to the detection of pain . The receptors involved in pain detection are aptly enough referred to as nociceptors - receptors for noxious stimuli. (1) These nociceptors are free buttock endings that terminate just at a lower place the skin as to detect cutaneous pain. Nociceptors are overly located in tendons and joints, for detection of physical pain and in body organs to detect visceral pain. Pain receptors are very numerous in then skin, hence pain detection here is tumefy defined and the source of pain can be easily localized. In tendons, joints, and body organs the pain receptors are fewer. The source of pain therefore is not readily localized. Apparently, the number of nociceptors also influences the duration of the pain felt. Cutaneous pain typically is of short duration, but may be reactivated upon new impacts, while somatic and visceral pain is of hourlong duration. (2) It is important to note that almost all body tissue is equipped with nociceptors. (1, 2) As explained above, this is an import ant fact, as pain has ancient warning functions. If we did not feel pain and if pain did not impinge on our good-being, we would not seek help when our body aches. Hence, it makes evolutionary sense for the body to be so well equipped with nociceptors in almost all locations. The most notable exception to this logic is the brain. The brain itself has no nociceptors and therefore is pain insensitive. Why is this all-important construction not equipped with and therefore indirectly protected by nociceptors?Nociception Biology Essays Research PapersNociceptionPain is possibly the most unpleasant sensations our senses can detect. Even though we typically fail to remember what pain feels like when we are not experiencing it, we certainly do not wish to experience pain. Despite pains unpleasantness, it has to be appreciated for what it is. Namely, a mechanism that allows us to avoid dangerous situations, to prevent further damage, and to promote the healing process. Pain allows us t o remove ourselves form dangerous situations, as we attempt to move away from noxious stimuli that cause pain. As we attempt to escape stimuli that cause pain after an initial insult on our body, pain can prevent further damage form occurring. Finally, pain promotes the healing process as we take great care to protect an injured body part form further damage as to minimize the experience of more pain. How is this unpleasant, yet helpful sensation detected? Nociception is the term commonly used to refer to the perception of pain. The receptors involved in pain detection are aptly enough referred to as nociceptors - receptors for noxious stimuli. (1) These nociceptors are free nerve endings that terminate just below the skin as to detect cutaneous pain. Nociceptors are also located in tendons and joints, for detection of somatic pain and in body organs to detect visceral pain. Pain receptors are very numerous in then skin, hence pain detection here is well defined and the source of pa in can be easily localized. In tendons, joints, and body organs the pain receptors are fewer. The source of pain therefore is not readily localized. Apparently, the number of nociceptors also influences the duration of the pain felt. Cutaneous pain typically is of short duration, but may be reactivated upon new impacts, while somatic and visceral pain is of longer duration. (2) It is important to note that almost all body tissue is equipped with nociceptors. (1, 2) As explained above, this is an important fact, as pain has primary warning functions. If we did not feel pain and if pain did not impinge on our well-being, we would not seek help when our body aches. Hence, it makes evolutionary sense for the body to be so well equipped with nociceptors in almost all locations. The most notable exception to this logic is the brain. The brain itself has no nociceptors and therefore is pain insensitive. Why is this all-important structure not equipped with and therefore indirectly protecte d by nociceptors?

The Hon. Dr :: essays research papers

Among the man presss responses to my 1993 book A Place at the Table was the charge by some critics that Im "sex-negative." impolite Browning griped that I want to "to turn in everyone put on 30 pounds, buy a allow Brothers suit, and wander off on the golf links, decorous an upper-class version of Ozzie and Harry. Those who dont want to take risks should join Mr. Bawer on the golf course. Those who want to feel alive will benefit from the exploration of our bodies and what our bodies can grant." play? Ozzie and Harry? Brooks Brothers? What, I wondered, does any of this have to do with what Ive written? Ive never been on a golf course. Or worn a Brooks Brothers suit. And when did I join the upper class? Of course I want gay people to enjoy what their bodies can grant. I also want them to have equal rights under the law, the love and respect of their friends and families, and a meaningful life beyond their orgasms. I want gay kids to grow up knowing that, as wonder ful as sex can be, gay identity amounts to more than belonging to a "culture of desire."Browning and others mocked me for being "serious." Well, isnt discovering oneself as a gay individual in this society a serious challenge? Isnt gay rights a serious issue? Being serious about gay rights in public discourse doesnt preclude being able to have fun in ones personal life. Yet if some right-wing critics cant write about gayness without smirking, some gay writers seem unable to address the subject without prattling frivolously about their own sex lives and longings.Which is a shame, because its vitally important for us to actualise that at the heart of homophobia lies an inability to see that gays can love each other as deeply and as seriously as straights can. Explaining why hed refused to instill my review of the film Longtime Companion, an American Spectator editor told a New York Observer reporter, "Bawer was striking a total equivalence between a heterosexual couple in love and a homosexual couple in love. To me, that wasnt convincing." That editor isnt alone in rejecting the idea of the moral equivalence of gays and straights.Its non only heterosexuals who draw these sex-related distinctions. "The defining thing about being gay," a gay man tells Susan Bergman in her new memoir, Anonymity, "is that you like to have sex a lot.

My Hair and I Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Hair and I At some point in a womans life, she is, if like most women, unhappy with her hair. A woman with straight hair wishes for curly ringlets. A woman with curly hair wants stick-straight locks. Thick and coarse desires to be fine and thinner. Fine and thin begs for cryptical hair. I was one of those women. My hair has an energy, personality, and life of her own. I refer to my hair as she because, although by technical definition my hair is not a separate living being, and although I select no proof of her life to show others, I know that she not alone grows and reproduces (two characteristics by which many measure life), but she responds to stimuli, shows emotions, and can reason. For much of my life, my hair and I were diametrically opposed in appearance, personality, and temperament. On my head is a thick mane of jet-black coarse curly hair. Each hair is muscular, with enough heft and hutzpah to hold a 5-pound dumbbell. I, in contrast, am a real petite girl with the ar m strength of a gnat. My hair is wild. I am demure. My hair is boisterous, I, except occasionally, am composed. My hair is an extrovert, gaining energy from those around her. I am an introvert, preferring to curl up with a good book. For many years, I coveted anyones hair that was anything that my hair wasnt. Despite our differences, we have come to a mutual understanding. And, now, I can say, with some confidence, that my hair and I are friends, not just forced to be together because of genetics. But I can deal this only after years of hard lessons and experience. I cant remember the day my hair and I parted ways. We employ to get along when we were young Displayed in the ponytail fountain on top of my head, she was quite cooperative.... ...at night, I loved my hair, every single strand of it. I loved her ability to be straight or curly, sleek and sexy or fun and bouncy. I found myself brushing my hands through my hair, and she cherished the affection. I bought every hair produ ct Pamela used in my hair, hopeful I could shape my hair myself. And, although it took a few weeks to learn Pamelas styling techniques, my hair and I quickly found a rhythm. We realized we didnt have to be enemies. We experimented with dozens of different hairstyles, lengths, products, and appliances, and my hair was amused by all of them. As much as possible, I tried to enjoy her assets, and she tried to regard my needs. Of course, occasionally, my hair would turn her mood at an inopportune time, but I was no longer caught by surprise when this happened. My hair and I have jubilantly co-existed like this for many years.

Corporate Charities The Right and Wrong Ways for Big Business to Give B

Corporate Charities The Right and Wrong shipway for Big personal line of credit to Give Back to the Community Introduction wherefore do people who have gold feel inclined to give it away? Throughout history, reasons for generosity have ranged from guilt to concern for personal image, from sacred principles to simple generosity. America is awash with corporate CEOs who have so much cash that they could never spend it in a lifetime. What is scoop shovel change to them could save thousands of lives in a third-world country. And yet only some of them choose to give their m maviny away. Even then some of the ones who do ar not charitable out of the goodness of their heart but do it purely to make themselves numerate better in the eyes of the popular. In this composing I seek to demonstrate a spectrum of corporate charities. Through four case studies namely, Wal-Mart, Cisco Systems, distinction and Melinda Gates, and Ted Turner I show what four companies/ go with foun ders have done in the realm on philanthropy and attempt to distinguish between those that do what they do only to hike up their public image between those whose intentions are wholeheartedly altruistic. The low end of the spectrum Wal-MartWal-Mart is the largest employer in the United States, as wholesome as the largest importer and purchaser of manufactured goods, and largest groceries outlet. The discount chisel in was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in a small town in Arkansas. Walton hoped that he could create a chain of his stores in small communities passim Arkansas and the surrounding states and by the 80s this is just what he did. By 1990, Wal-Mart had become one of the largest competitors with Kmart and Target and had opened over 1400 stores in 28 different states. To... ...f/about_us/case_series/a07990014.pdf3. http//www.fact-index.com/w/wa/wal_mart.html4. http//www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030511/biz.htm5. http//worldhealthnews.harvard.edu/6. http//www.tribune india.com/2003/20030924/world.htm7. http//www.walmartfoundation.org8. http//www.cnn.com/US/9709/18/turner.gift/9. http//www.tedturner.com/philanthropies.html10. http//newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2004/hd_052504f.html11. http//www.cisco.com/gov/markets/e_government.html12. www.cnnfn.com/2003/08/05/ markets/markets_newyork/13. http//www.thehollandsentinel.net/stories/080303/bus_080303083.shtml14. http//www.positivenation.co.uk/issue90/regulars/worldnews/wnews90.htm15. http//www.usatoday.com/money/media/2001-11-29-ted-turner.htm16. http//www.ufcw.org/issues_and_actions/walmart_workers_campaign_info/index.cfm Corporate Charities The Right and Wrong Ways for Big Business to Give BCorporate Charities The Right and Wrong Ways for Big Business to Give Back to the Community IntroductionWhy do people who have money feel inclined to give it away? Throughout history, reasons for philanthropy have ranged from guilt to concern for personal image, from religious principles t o simple generosity. America is awash with corporate CEOs who have so much money that they could never spend it in a lifetime. What is pocket change to them could save thousands of lives in a third-world country. And yet only some of them choose to give their money away. Even then some of the ones who do are not charitable out of the goodness of their heart but do it purely to make themselves look better in the eyes of the public. In this paper I seek to demonstrate a spectrum of corporate charities. Through four case studies namely, Wal-Mart, Cisco Systems, Bill and Melinda Gates, and Ted Turner I show what four companies/company founders have done in the realm on philanthropy and attempt to distinguish between those that do what they do only to hike up their public image between those whose intentions are wholeheartedly altruistic. The low end of the spectrum Wal-MartWal-Mart is the largest employer in the United States, as well as the largest importer and purchaser of ma nufactured goods, and largest groceries outlet. The discount store was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in a small town in Arkansas. Walton hoped that he could construct a chain of his stores in small communities throughout Arkansas and the surrounding states and by the 80s this is just what he did. By 1990, Wal-Mart had become one of the largest competitors with Kmart and Target and had opened over 1400 stores in 28 different states. To... ...f/about_us/case_series/a07990014.pdf3. http//www.fact-index.com/w/wa/wal_mart.html4. http//www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030511/biz.htm5. http//worldhealthnews.harvard.edu/6. http//www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030924/world.htm7. http//www.walmartfoundation.org8. http//www.cnn.com/US/9709/18/turner.gift/9. http//www.tedturner.com/philanthropies.html10. http//newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2004/hd_052504f.html11. http//www.cisco.com/gov/markets/e_government.html12. www.cnnfn.com/2003/08/05/ markets/markets_newyork/13. http//www.thehollandsent inel.net/stories/080303/bus_080303083.shtml14. http//www.positivenation.co.uk/issue90/regulars/worldnews/wnews90.htm15. http//www.usatoday.com/money/media/2001-11-29-ted-turner.htm16. http//www.ufcw.org/issues_and_actions/walmart_workers_campaign_info/index.cfm