Social Media Tools in E-Commerce - 2025 Words

Social Media Tools in E-Commerce COMM/470 As with any organization the key to success are many. It’s a matter of determining which keys fit the door of success and focus of the organization. Technology is continuously expanding therefore producing more advanced tools to better organize, communicate effectively and provide efficiently the highest quality of work output by employees. Taking on the task of assisting with the launch of a new e-commerce unit, it is important to recognize that are going to be the determining factor so success. Organizations conduct transaction on a global scale, and they must adapt to the advances in technology to compete and succeed. E-commerce will provide a platform to promote growth and†¦show more content†¦To maintain trust and honesty the organization will follow up on campaign purchases from the beginning of the business transaction to the final sell of every product. By keeping track of the business transaction the organization can make changes based on the supply and deman d principles. This product review is cost effective to the business and at the same time satisfies the customers need. In the event the purchase of the company’s product is not going smooth as planned, the time for a correction is available and the integrity of the consumer is honored. The recommendation of improving products by a team of buyers is beneficial to the business and the consumer long term relationship. The buyers and consumers comments and concerns will be examined to help improve the product and keep the integrity for life. Other privacy concerns consists of information confidentiality or data confidentiality and the connection between gathering and spreading of the data, technology, the community expectation of privacy, and the legal and biased issues surrounding them. In the United States data privacy is not highly regulated or legislated, for instance, the Health, and Information Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA), the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA), and the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 (FACTA) are indicators of how the United States federal laws tend to favorShow MoreRelatedWhy E Commerce Is Important For The Business1284 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing company, marketing is really an important factor for the business and in today’s world E-commerce is the best option to adopt for the marketing. Why E-commerce is really important for the business? E-commerce is basically use of internet and web to transact business. It is different and powerful from previous and traditional technologies. Its eight unique feature described in the book E-commerce 2015 (11th edition by Kenneth C. 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Freedom Of Speech And Moral Rights - 2018 Words

The evolution of society has created a conundrum based on the statutes that govern ideologies and beliefs. The extent of globalization has presented a united front based on a collage of cultural diversity and cohesion in the development of society. However, this has generated controversy concerning the extent of freedom of speech and moral rights. The cultural diversity has provided a basis to crossover the cultural, racial, and even gender boundaries that have allowed a sense of equality in society. In hindsight, this front has promoted the decline in moral obligations leading to inaccurate accounts of cultural diversity in the interest of generate societal appraisal. Therefore, freedom of speech and moral rights has become intertwined at†¦show more content†¦However, several of the stations that were to air the episode blacked-out the scene because of the potential ramifications of showing Allah. Though the episode did not portray Allah in a negative light, the rationale o f portraying a superior being as a human is considered disrespectful to whichever religious affiliation regardless of the superior being involved. This is the case in the context of comedy in the modern era. In hindsight, comedy is based on controversial and/or negative elements. This suggests comedy must discredit one facet of life to generate comical relief to the listener, which may promote cases of racial stereotypes, societal bias, and even gender discrimination jokes that receive wide acclaim by listeners based on the delivery and dexterity of the joke. This is a blend of freedom of speech and moral rights; however, the context of the freedom of speech may infringe on the ideologies of people leading to people adopting the rationale presented by a comedian. Happiness is the ideal aspect that leads to prosperity. Comedy is a foundation of happiness for people who choose to value comedy as a source of happiness. However, becoming fixated on comedy leads to embracing comical ideologies as a way of life. This leads to confrontations such as the French cartoonists and the Muslim extremists, which implies that there are

Creation, Evolution and Intervention Which Theory Essay Example For Students

Creation, Evolution and Intervention: Which Theory Essay is Correct?Creation, Evolution and Intervention: Which Theory is Correct?For: Mrs. Talbot bbClass: Socioledgy88Date Due: Oct. 9/96By: Neel Ghelani89For many years, it has been widely debated how modern man came about. In thisessay, I will explain the ideas of the three main theories: Evolution, Creation,and Intervention. I will also discuss which theory I believe and why it is thatI believe it. EvolutionEvolution, in biology, is the complex process by which organisms whichoriginated on earth change because of changes in their environment and theirfunction on earth. The earliest fossils ever discovered are from single celledorganisms which resemble todays bacteria. People who believe in evolutionbelieve that for approximately 3.4 billion years these single celled organismshave changed and evolved into many different species including humans. Thistheory also states that humans and other species continue to evolve today andas a result of all these changes they will eventually become a totally differentspecies then what they are now. Evolutionists believe that evolution has createdmany organisms spread across the globe, some of which have become extinct andsome of which are the plants and animals which live today. The theory that groups of organisms can be transformed into different organismshas been suggested many times since the early 1800s, when scientists beganlooking for evidence that the evolution process took place. The mostoutstanding evolutionists in the nineteenth century was Jean Baptist de Lamarck,who argued that the patterns of resemblance arose through modifications of acommon lineage-for example , that lions tigers and others all descendant from acat like ancestor. (Dickey p.42) It had already been a widely accepted theorythat different animals adapt to different modes of life and environmentalconditions. Lamarck argued that physical and mental changes occurred from animaladaptations to different environments. Once the animal changed, Lamarckbelieved that the changes would be passed on to the offspring through genes. Unfortunately this theory was never really scientifically tested. Charles Darwin successfully explained the evolutionary process , with hisfamous book On The Origins of a Species by Means of Natural Selection. In thisbook, Darwin stated that, in the environment organisms who have better qualitiessuch as being faster or trail scenting are more fit to survive. Consequentlythey are able to take the vital ingredients required by unfit organisms such asliving space and food. Eventually, they kill off the unfit and unadapted. Thistheory is best known as, survival of the fittest, and can be summarized in thefollowing statement. When environmental conditions change populations mustchange in order to be fit and thus survive. Understanding the evolutionary process depends a great deal upon theinterpretations of the fossil record, which many consider to be incompletebecause many fossils can not be found. For this reason, there are many differentviews about what the fossil record states.One fact that puts doubt in theevolution theory is that when a fossil appears in the fossil record it does sovery abruptly, and then stays their for several years. The fossil usually doesnot show the gradual changes that take place in the evolution of species. Forthis reason, Jay Gould of Harvard university developed a puncturedequilibrium theory stating that the changes do occur rather quicker than somebelieve. CreationThe notion of creation is defined as the production of an existing thing outof no preexisting material.(Dickey 237)In the bible and in other comparableancient literature, creation is a theme used to explain how human beings came toearth. In the bible and most other creation stories from ancient religions,the universe is said to be a great mess in which order was introduced by a God. .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .postImageUrl , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:hover , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:visited , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:active { border:0!important; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:active , .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8 .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub10ebdf3a526f9dab54b116c5e3821b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Legend of Martin Luther King Jr EssayIn the bible, it states that the creator cleaned up the world and organizedeverything such as the stars and the day from night. In many ancient culturesthe stories tend to be similar and differ only in terms of places and figures. Other ideas of creation include myths of emergence. According to the bible,earth, all of its species and the universe were created less then 10 000 yearsago. The bible also stated this process took place in six days. It states thatman was created when god put two humans onto the earth, Adam and Eve. The biblesaid that from these two people came the entire worlds population today. Peoplewho believe the bible creation story word for word are called fundamentalists. In the 1700s, James Usher disturbed many traditionalists with his theory thatthe earth was probably more then ten thousand years old. What disturbed thecreation theory even more was Charles Darwins theory of evolution. This theorystates that living things are a product of less sophisticated species. Manyfundamentalists refuse to except this because it would mean that the bible waswrong, or because they didnt want to accept the idea that we came from a lowerorder species. They want to believe they want to believe that god created themand they did not come about as a freak of nature. Today, evolutionists believethat the creation story is greatly flawed, and the fundamentalists believe thatthe theory of evolution is greatly flawed. InterventionistsIn the middle of evolution and creation is Intervention. Interventionistsbelieve that evolution did take place and that human beings have always beenevolving as the theory of evolution states. Interventionists believe that, insome point in human development, something from somewhere in the universe,possibly a superior intelligence, another species or even space aliens, bredwith humans thus changing the ape like creatures into modern humans. One of themost famous interventionists was Alfred Russell Wallace who presented thistheory in the mid to late 1800s. Interventionists believe that intervention most probably took place when themost intelligent life was only the Homo Erectuses, A less sophisticated mammalwho could walk upright. There are three major pieces of evidence forintervention: the first is the quote from the bible discussing intervention:When the sons of god came down to earth and bore children to the daughters ofhumans.(Moses p.17) This quote is straight out of a creation story many believeto state exactly how humans were created, this is why it is so compelling andmakes some people believe intervention must have taken place. Secondly the factthat the speed of gradual change caused by evolution greatly increased after theHomo Erectus. Interventionists believe that the process of evolution is tooslow and gradual to account for such a rapid change.(Dickey pg.92) Theybelieve that the changes increased because the Homo Erectus bred with adifferent organism giving its offspring half of its features through its genes. What I believeI believe that evolution did take place, because this is the only logicalexplanation to explain how fossils have been found in Asia and Africa ofcreatures that do not exist today. Many people contend that these fossils wereput in these places so God could test our faith, but it is my opinion that thesepeople want to believe something so badly that they have fooled themselves intobelieving this. These people only say this because there is no other explanationfor fossils being where they are other then evolution did take place. Thesepeople want to believe that we are the supreme beings in the galaxy and not thatwe came from a unsophisticated monkey so they will do anything to proveevolution wrong.If god did exist with all the technology we have today wewould be able to scientifically prove it but he doesnt so we cant. We canthough prove scientifically how man was in fact created, through evolution andwe know this from fossils. .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .postImageUrl , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:hover , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:visited , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:active { border:0!important; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:active , .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817 .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc392edf5a04e6f0eb1c6843bc7a43817:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jackie Robinson Essay ThesisI believe intervention took place at some point in the middle of the evolutionprocess, but not with creatures from other planets or even with god but with adifferent species from our own planet, who came about from evolution, possibly aNeanderthal and another smaller less sophisticated creature. I believe thisbecause Charles Darwins very believable theory stated that only the fitsurvive. Neantherthals were extremely fit. They were twice as strong as theaverage human and had much bigger brains. Some people believe they becameextinct during the finale ice age, but they were smart so I believe they movedsouth to Africa and adapted to the climate. T his could be done by humans andNeanderthals are considered twice as smart as us so they must have been able todo it. Once they were in Africa they bred with smaller less sophisticatedanimals possibly monkeys and this created the modern human. This explains whythe speed of changes in the fossil record increased so dramatically around theHomo erectus stage in evolution. What has made me even more sure ofintervention is the quote from the bible saying the sons of god bore childrento the daughter of humans This quote is straight from a major creation storymany fundamentalists take very seriously. I dont know how they can believe thatgod put man on earth when there only source for information about creation theyhave tells them intervention did take place. ConclusionEvolution, creation and intervention all are valid theories of how humans cameinto existence. The question of which theory is correct is up to eachindividual to decide . I believe that evolution does occur and this createdmany species but I do not believe this created modern man. I believeintervention occurred and that two products of intervention bred together inorder to make the modern human. Bibliography1)Dickey, Norma H. Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. R. Donnelley and sons;Washington,19852)Moses. Genesis The Holy Bible. Thomas Benson; Nashville,19903)Skeoch, Alan. Focus on Society. Merrill Publishing Company; Toronto,1988 Social Issues

There Is Many Meaningful Personal Connection That Was Made To A Key As

There is many meaningful personal connection that was made to a key aspects of the play. For example the people that were accused and/or convicted of something based on little or no evidence. This incident happened very often in this play. The characters that were involved were John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, Abigail, Sarah Good, Rebecca Nurse, Salem girls (including Rebecca, Ruth, and others), and the Putnam family are only a few who were charged or charging others for ridiculous things. Three of the main characters, John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, and Abigail (their servant at one point) that had a tangled mess together was over something stupid. John had an affair with Abigail when he was married to Elizabeth. In doing this, Abigail thought that John cared for her, but he didn't. When Elizabeth started to notice the difference in they're relationship, she dismisses Abigail. In court when they questioned John about Abigail, he says that she is a whore. And so then, they brought in Elizabeth for questioning and she lied when John had just told the truth. She said that John had never turned from her. So when they both lied like this, they looked foolish and was condemned. How could people do this? You condemn those who lied? Don't they understand that people make mistakes? The reason for his wife lying was only so that she could protect her husband. They had no hard evidence that he even committed a crime, it was all word. Rebecca Nurse a lady of seventy-two was a mother, grandmother, and wife of Francis Nurse. And during this play she showed a kind and strong minded lady. She was respected in society and was very respected lady in society. Goody Nurse was accused for murdering the marvelous and supernatural murder if Goody Putnam's babies. Which these babies where all born dead. How can you accuse someone for miscarriage? Especially when Goody Nurse never went close to the babies, only to help deliver them. Another lady in this story, Sarah Good was also put in jail for something awfully funny. The only way to save herself was to confess that sometimes she made a compact with Lucifer, and wrote her name in his black book, with her blood, and bound to torment Christians till God's thrown down. In doing this she can save her life. Which another character with a strong minded, Rebecca Nurse had too much pride in herself to say anything that is lying. But then again those who lied got away with it. Those died who told the truth. Then all the girls (including Abigail, Ruth, Betty, and other girls of Salem) had done witchcraft in order to hurt others. Do they think that if they can do a little parade around a pot that something will happen? They also drank blood, one girl ran around naked, pretending that she can see evil, and the others lied very well in court. Abigail with such perfect lying and speaking abilities was able to fool the judge and a few others in court. Saying that she and the other girls gets haunted by the coldness of another girl. Really, she could do this only because she knows how to reduce her temperature. And saying that she can see things that the adults can't see in court? It shows very clearly that she is lying. Abigail has a way to manipulate others, and turn whatever an insult someone gives her back onto the other person. Then she goes around pretending to be such an innocent girl. The people in the court actually believe that young girls are na?ve and stupid. They don't treat young adults like they should now in America. In this society they take all rumors has hard facts and beliefs as facts as well. It doesn't matter if no one saw it happen or anyone admitting to a crime. How can the convict someone without having hard evidence? Can't they understand that it's natural sometimes when babies don't come out alive every time? Don't they know that not all children are honest and innocent? For example Abigail who is 17, and already screwed a married man. I honestly think it's stupid to blame someone else for your own problems.

Odds vs Plath

Odds vs Plath Brereton 1In American society, the common stereotype is that the father has the role of the dominant figure in the household. The father-daughter relationship in male-dominated family structure is critical because the absence of a father has a negative impact on the daughter. Sylvia Plath and Sharon Olds may come across as two seemingly different poets; however, they are quite similar, especially in their driving forces behind their writing styles in poetry. The lives of Plath and Olds are both expressive of the realities of a father-dominated family, in which both of these poets lost their fathers at a young age. This is significant because both poets have faced a similar traumatic event that has had everlasting effects on their adult womanhood, which is reflected in their writings. The poems that best support this argument are Plath's, "Colossus", "Daddy" and Old's, "My Father Speaks To Me From The Dead".English: Grave of Sylvia Plath The grave of poet S...For both these woman, the ir accesses to father-daughter relationships were denied based on life circumstances. Ironically, their fathers were their muses for writing and are what made them the women they are today.Plath is categorized as a poet that touches upon the highs and struggles of her life growing up, such as the tragic loss of her father, which is reflected within her work. Plath comes across as a poet that is depressed, victimization, dark thoughts and negative energy full of anger and rage. Plath was confused and angry about her father's death. Plath never had a chance to mourn the loss of her father in the stages of grief. It's almost as if she goes back and forth from denial isolation, anger, bargaining, and depression. She almost reaches the peak of acceptance but never completely makes it past it. Plath constantly expresses her hate for why her...

Temperate Forests Are Mild-Climate Forests

Temperate Forests Are Mild-Climate Forests Temperate forests are forests that grow in temperate regions such as those found in eastern North America, western and central Europe, and northeastern Asia. Temperate forests occur at latitudes between about 25Â ° and 50Â ° in both hemispheres. They have a moderate climate and a growing season that lasts between 140 and 200 days each year. Precipitation in temperate forests is generally distributed evenly throughout the year. The canopy of a temperate forest consists mainly of broad-leaved trees. Toward polar regions, temperate forests give way to boreal forests. Temperate forests first evolved about 65 million years ago during the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. At that time, global temperatures dropped and, in areas further from the equator, cooler and more temperate climates emerged. In these regions, temperatures were not only cooler but were also dryer and showed seasonal variations. The plants in these regions evolved and adapted to the climate changes. Today, the temperate forests that are closer to the tropics (and where the climate changed less dramatically), the tree and other plant species more closely resemble those of the older, tropical regions. In these regions, temperate evergreen forests can be found. In areas where climate changes were more dramatic, deciduous trees evolved (deciduous trees drop their leaves when the weather turns cold each year as an adaptation that enables trees to withstand the seasonal temperature fluctuations in these regions). Where forests became dryer, sclerophyllous trees evolved to cope with periodi c lack of water. Key Characteristics The following are the key characteristics of temperate forests: grow in temperate regions (at latitudes between about 25Â ° and 50Â ° in both hemispheres)experiences distinct seasons, with an annual growing season that lasts between 140 and 200 dayscanopy consists mainly of broadleaf trees Classification Temperate forests are classified within the following habitat hierarchy: Biomes of the World Forest Biome Temperate Forests Temperate forests are divided into the following habitats: Temperate deciduous forests - Temperate deciduous forests occur in eastern North America, central Europe, and parts of Asia. Deciduous forests experience temperatures that range between -30Â ° and 30Â °C throughout the year. They receive between 75 and 150 cm of rainfall each year. The vegetation of temperate deciduous forest includes a variety of broadleaf trees (such as oak, beech, cherry, maple, and hickory) as well as various shrubs, perennial herbs, mosses, and mushrooms. Temperate deciduous forests occur and mid-latitudes, between the polar regions and the tropics.Temperate evergreen forests - Temperate evergreen forests consist mainly of evergreen trees that retain their leaves throughout the year. Temperate evergreen forests occur in eastern North America and in the Mediterranean Basin. They also include subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests of the southeastern United States, southern China, and southeastern Brazil. Animals of Temperate Forests Some of the animals that inhabit temperate forests include: Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) - The eastern chipmunk is a species of chipmunk that lives in the deciduous forests of eastern North America. Easter chipmunks are small rodents that have red-brown fur and dark and light brown stripes that run the length of its back.White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) - The white-tailed deer is a species of deer that inhabits the deciduous forests of eastern North America. White-tailed deer have a brown coat and a tail with a distinct white underside that it raises when alarmed.American black bear (Ursus americanus) - American black bears are one of three bear species that live in North America, the other two being the brown bear and the polar bear. Of these bear species, black bears are the smallest and most timid.European robin (Erithacus rebecula) - European robins are shy birds throughout most of their range but in the British Isles, they have acquired a charming tameness and are frequent, honored guests in backyard gardens, and parks. T heir feeding behavior historically involved following foraging animals such as the wild boar as it dug through the soil.

No Country for Old Men Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No Country for Old Men - Movie Review Example This can be substantiated through his killing of the boss and other rivals coming his way concerning money. Moss tries to keep away from the drug dealer, although what follows is extensive blood spills while he tries to get Moss to give him the lost money. It comes as a surprise for Moss as he tries to run away from the relentless Chigurh (Chisholm). In the meantime, Sherriff Bell supervises and directs all the investigations concerning the case in order to prevent similar crimes that had been on the argument within the region. In the movie, Bell has managed miniature, concerning delivery of justice in one case that the convicted person got death row judgment. He considers that the region has a different viewpoint although while handling the case a lot seems to have changed (Chisholm). Every aspect of the society had considerably transformed into something that cannot be explained in a more profound manner than what is depicted. Chigurh dispatches his hit men to kill Moss and his you ng wife and take the satchel back. However, they are unable to execute the plan since Moss and wife manage to run away from the hit men dispatched to recuperate the lost satchel. The events that transpire in the region catch Bell by surprise since, in the time that he has lived in that region, there were little cases of violence (Chisholm). The region gets marred with violence in the period that Chigurh and his gunmen undertake the task of recapturing their moneybag. The community that Bell knew was quiet and peaceful with little misfortunes although, at that time, it had turned into something majorly dissimilar. The source of the violence that the region experiences are from Aton Chigurh as he tries to repossess the satchel with the assistance of a radio transponder that had been implanted on the bag. The transponder allows Chigurh, and the other gunmen to track the movement of Moss although Moss is unconscious of the device on the satchel. Chigurh is considered a psychopath since, in previous dealings, he had killed many people who he considered having ties with his monies. The violence that occurs within the movie can be profoundly linked to the actuality that he has access to homemade weapons for instance, silencer guns that allow him to execute people with little attention to the locals and authorities (Chisholm). The character is considered the most creations according to critics because most themes are linked to him especially the genre of violence. Violence dominates most scenes of the movie with other genres being considered inferior to violence, which is contemplated principal in the creation of the story. Chigurh not only kills the people who mess with his money but also individuals who offer comments that he does not like. Bell informs Moss and his wife about the violence that ensues within the region as well as the peril that the couple has to face with the drug dealers and other arsonists. However, Moss is convinced that he can take Chigurh and h is clue down through the experiences and intelligence that he had earlier obtained in Vietnam as a war veteran (Chisholm). Moss seems experienced through numerous tasks that he undertakes in Vietnam with other war veterans. However, the violence that ensues around the place that Bell seeks to reexamine the situation concerning his capacities to undertake certain measures. He feels obliged to deal with the fresh criminal brutality that ensues in his place of

Critically discuss the challenges in balancing security and freedom in Essay

Critically discuss the challenges in balancing security and freedom in delivering an effective counter terrorism strategy in operational practice - Essay Example e against another person or another persons’ property; the violence (and threat thereof) employed therein is aimed partly at destabilizing (or maintaining) an existing political or social order, but mainly at publicizing the goals or causes espoused by the agents or by those whose behalf the agents acts; often, though not always, terrorism is aimed at provoking extreme counter- measures which will win public support for the terrorists and their goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The radicals associated to terrorism are not confined to any particular region or race; rather it entails an extensive influence of drastic nature globally. Due to this very severity, terrorism has caught attention of various bodies globally which aim to reduce this nuisance through counter-terrorism strategies. These strategies can be dully defined as, â€Å"Activities which are intended to prevent terrorists acts or to eradicate terrorists groups† (thefreedictionary.com, 2014). Another definition for such me thods is as follow; â€Å"Operations that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, pre-empt and respond to terrorism. Also called CT† (US Department of Defense, 2005). Such strategies can be designed and implemented at regional, national and at inter-national levels (UNODC, 2009). Although, these instruments are aimed at enhancing the efforts to exterminate violence but more than often these strategies are often coupled with certain downsides or limitations, particularly the delivery and implementation of such counter terrorism activities in operational practice pose a variety of challenges in balancing security and freedom. A counter terrorism strategy is often designed in collaboration with certain other states or non-state actors, particularly if it is of inter-national level. One of the challenges which arise in such counter terrorism strategies is the conflict of interest. Globalization has increased the likelihood of conflict, involving failed-state and non state actors (The Strategic

Benefits of Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Benefits of Nonverbal Communication Essay Certain things are not conveyed by words or verbal means because individuals are not simply skilled to deliver or are not trained to explain in appropriate means or symbols. An officer can definitely learn from an understanding of nonverbal communication as he/she will be able to gain the nuances of an offender or parolee’s responses whether these are in consonance with the gaze in his eyes, the confidence of gait, or the studied looks that he may portray during the sessions that might transpire with the officer (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). An officer who has spent a lengthy time studying people in this kind of profession, the difficulty usually lies in studying those who are mentally deranged, or the offenders who are so evil that they are capable to manipulate even the most intelligent officers, when possible. Their eyes convey differently where their talk or smiles carry them to a different level (Carrick, 2006). Art in any form conveys the reality that a human’s world is enriched by the kind of communication inherent in being human. Even one’s attire may speak a million things about the person or his intentions. People communicate both through verbal and nonverbal modes. Though we mistake verbal communication is clearer, yet often the reverse is truer (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). People frequently understand our gestures more than our words. Hence, the adage â€Å"Actions speak louder than words. † Nonverbal communication is taught and performed frequently on an almost instinctive level. People get attention by using nonverbal signals and every so often the attention is usually due to an unpleasant manner by which these signals were conveyed. Most people who employ body language utilize such behavior to conceal the self for fear of rejection. The result would mean no real deep connections and deters other people to develop such deep and beneficial relationships. Many of those who realize their need try to unlearn years of covering up and attempt to make themselves known to avoid (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). Every individual has inadequate stock of body language and utilizes the same manners to show specific emotionality. Body language and/or gestures, and a host of physical and psychological signals take place in clusters. This means that when a particular body language is used, it may not mean much as when it is used alongside many other forms of communication (Messina, Training in Nonverbal Communication). The officer then must continually make use of every opportunity as a learning experience as people are dynamic and continually changing. Reference: Carrick, Damien. 31 January 2006. The Law Report. Parole Boards. Messina, James D. Training in Nonverbal Communication. Accessed from Analysis of Cultural Communication and Proxemics http://www. unl. edu/casetudy/456/traci. htm

Types of Child Abuse :: Violence Against Children

Child abuse can cause horrible physical and emotional effects on a child. Often times these emotional effects will stay with them forever. There are several types of child abuse including physical, emotional, sexual, and general abuse. Detecting and reporting child abuse is one of the most important steps in saving an innocent child’s life. Child abuse is a growing a problem in the United States. Child abuse can go undetected for many years. By knowing the different types of abuse or how to detect abuse, you can save a life. Physical Abuse What are the different types of child abuse? The most well known type of abuse is physical abuse. This is because it is the most obvious. Physical abuse is purposeful abuse inflicted on a child. Examples include bruises or welts shaped like an object, bruises in unusual places (back, eyes, mouth, buttocks, genital areas, thighs, and calves), layers of different colored bruises in the same general area. "Sock" or "glove" burns on feet or hands or doughnut shaped burns on buttocks (from forcing the child into hot water). Small round burns from cigarettes, burns in the shape of an object (iron, fireplace tool, or heater), and rope burns on ankles, wrists, or torso, adult sized bite marks, or suspicious fractures. Most of the parents who cause physical harm to their children say they are doing it to discipline their child. Some effects of physical child abuse include stomachaches, migraines, gut problems or other physical symptoms not directly caused by the abuse. These are called psych osomatic indicators. Abused kids often feel exhausted, starving, or sick most of the time (Kienlen). Physical abuse is more than just the obvious physical damage, it also takes a toll on the child emotional and psychologically. It can cause depression, rage, and feelings of isolation in a child. About 80% of depressed teenagers do not get help. They are more likely to suffer depression in their early 20s, and abuse drugs and alcohol (American Psychiatric Association). Anger not expressed appropriately can be vented out in other ways, or can stay bottled up inside them and cause depression. One possible effect of physical child abuse is passive aggressive behavior. Meaning the abused child goes out of their way to get back at that person such as burning the pizza or not putting the right amount of cream in the coffee.

How does Edgar Allan Poe keep the reader in suspence Essay

in the very first sentence, Poe starts to build up the tension by saying ‘True – nervous – very, very dreadfully nervous’ this repetitiveness builds up the tension, the word ‘dreadfully’ gives the reader a clue that it is going to build up to something bad. He then gives us a clue that he is a bit of a mad man by saying ‘but why will you say that I am mad?’ this automatically makes the reader suggest he is mad, but we don’t know why yet. The story is being narrated by the murderer, and in the beginning, he really makes you empathise with him. You can really imagine this scary eye. He says ‘whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold’ so he is really scared of this eye and you can relate and feel sorry for him. Poe talks about time throughout the story. He mentions when time is going slow, when time is going fast, and also he changes the pace, switching between slow and fast. These elements add to building the suspense. The slow build up builds up tension, the slow, careful planning, and the longer sentences that drags it out as if the narrator is talking slowly and patiently. This gets the reader thinking and anticipating something is going to happen. Examples of when Poe uses time in a slow manor is when he says ‘I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him’ so this shows that him killing this man is a slow, well planned, patient build up. He says that he was kind to the man for a whole week, so this must have been planned for a while, so this whole process helps to build up suspense and get the reader anxious. Another example of Poe talking about time going slowly is when he says ‘it took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening’ this shows how slowly, careful and cautious he is being so he does not wake the man. This adds to the build up, taking a whole hour to open the door, which in a normal situation nobody could be this patient in taking this long to open a door. The next example of Poe mentioning time going slows is when he says ‘a watch’s minute hand moves more quickly than did mine’ again this shows how slowly time went, he compares a watches hand to his hand and says that even that was moving faster than what he was. So it is an example of this slow, patient build up that keeps the reader in suspense. As well as making references to time going slow, Poe also talks about time going fast, using shorter words and sentences, so the narrator is talking faster, so the pace changes to a much faster build up, so the reader anticipates something is about to happen. An example of this is when Poe says ‘I talked more quickly’ so as the pace and suspense building up gets faster, so does the speed that the character is talking. As the beat of the heart builds up louder and louder so does pace at which the character speaks get faster and faster. Another example of this is when Poe says ‘the noise steadily increased’ so the noise of the heart is increasing with the build up. The different paces represent the different parts of the story. The beginning of the story, slow creeping round, the planning and being cautious. The end of the story, fast, fear of being caught out, the sound of the heart. Poe uses repetition throughout the story. This is used for effect and empathise the point to the reader. An example of repetition is when he says ‘I undid the lantern cautiously-oh, so cautiously–cautiously’ in this sentence he empathises the word ‘cautiously’ he does this to get the point across to the reader of how cautiously he undid the lantern. Another example of when Poe uses repetitiveness is when he says ‘louder–louder–louder!’ this really empathises the heartbeat, and how loud it is and how it is building up, as he says louder each time the heartbeat gets louder. So he really does empathise the word louder in this sentence. The third example that I have chosen from the text that shows repetition is when Poe says ‘I moved it slowly–very, very slowly’ in this phrase Poe repeats the word ‘slow’. So this gives a better effect than if Poe had of just said ‘very slowly’. The r epetition makes it sound as if he had done it even slower. Throughout the story Poe uses noises to create atmosphere in the story. Sounds create an atmosphere as they have an effect on the reader, and noises can really set the scene in the story. Or in some cases I can add to the suspense and scare readers as they can relate to these noises that may have happened in their own home and scared them. An example of Poe using noise to create a tense atmosphere is when he says ‘hinges creaked’ this makes the read tense and keeps them in suspense as they are wondering what would be the old mans reaction if he heard this as he cannot see anybody so he is bound to be scared. Also when it says the hinge creeks, it gives you the impression that it is a creepy, old house, which adds to the atmosphere. The next example of sound being used to create atmosphere is when Poe says ‘it was the beating of the old man’s heart’ so this really helps the reader picture the scene, it gives them I more imaginative view of what’s happening. This noise really lets the reader know just really how scared the old man is, because they will know fro, their own experience that your heart races and becomes loud when you’re scared. Poe describes everything in great detail; this grips the reader and makes them feel involved in the story, rather like a film. Throughout the story, Poe uses words that would relate this story to and make it sound like a horror movie. Poe talks about ‘death’ throughout the story, ‘week before I kill him’, ‘death watches in the wall’, ‘because death, in approaching him’, ‘dead hour’, ‘yes, he was stone, stone dead’ and ‘I must scream or die’ so these quotes mentioning death that are all through the story give the story a real horror effect, and it also grips the reader and makes them feel more involved. Another word related to evil and the horror genre of this story and that is mentioned throughout the story is the talk of ‘terror’, Poe says ‘mortal terror’, ‘the terrors that distracted me’ and ‘uncontrollable terror’ so these quotes add to the effect that the story has on the reader. In the beginning of the story, Poe uses great descriptive language to describe the old mans eye. This helps influence the reader as it can help them to imagine the eye clearly and therefore make them feel more involved with the story and a bit sympathetic towards the murderer in the story. If the reader is involved with the story, then they will be able to feel the tension and suspense created throughout the story. First of all Poe starts by saying ‘it haunted me day and night’ then goes onto say ‘he had the eye of a vulture’ which really gives a good image as the reader should know what the vultures eye looks like†¦scary. Then he says ‘a pale blue eye, with a film over it’ so you can really imagine this pale blue vulture eye, with a dull glaze over it. He then describes how the eye makes him feel ‘whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold’ this is a great descriptive way of displaying to the reader how the eye makes him feel. The reader can really empathise with this sentence as they would have experienced this feeling themselves. So this makes the reader feel involved. So all these factors help the reader imagine this really disgusting eye. Poe talks about the murder in great detail, which really makes it sound like a gruesome death. He does not just say he jumped on the man and killed him; he described everything that happened, so the reader gets a good imaginative picture of what is happening. The fact that the murderer ‘smiled gaily’ is really quite sickening as he is rather enjoying murdering this poor man. He even describes the man dying ‘at length it ceased’ so he is talking about the sound of the man’s heart, slowly decreasing. When the man is finally dead, he describes him as ‘stone dead’ which is a vulgar way of putting it. The story is written in first person narrative by the main character, and throughout the story he refers to the reader, as if he is talking to the reader ‘you cannot imagine how stealthily’, ‘do you mark me well’, ‘will you say that I am mad?’ so he keeps referring to the reader as ‘you’, and asking the reader questions. This really involves the reader with the story, so again the reader is emotionally involved and really feels the suspense and tension built throughout the story. This is good and very effective as it allows Poe to talk of the murder in plenty of detail, and it also lets us know what the murderer is thinking and what his motive is for killing the man (the eye). The murderers feelings in this story is a vital factor as it lets us know how he has planned the murder, and also all the precautions he took leading up to the murder. It also allows Poe to describe the eye and get the reader to empathise with the murderer. I really enjoyed this story as I felt myself gripped and involved in it. So I could really feel the tension and the suspense, I was on the edge waiting for something to happen. I could really relate to the story and that’s why I felt involved, because I could imagine this poor old man scared in bed and hearing strange noises, which scares anybody if they are in bed all alone. So the story was really exciting and enjoyable to read.

Commercialization of Organ Transplant

Ethics Committee Jacqueline Denies Curry Strayed University Business Ethics 309 Instructor Dry. Harvey Weiss Market Shortage of Organs The purpose for the centralization of organs for transplant is to make able to provide the availability of organs for patients/people who are in pain, and suffering, and destined to die from the terminal illness of organ failure. The number of patients in need of organs is growing, and the zero policy for organ donors does not show a sufficient response to the growing need of patients needing organs for the terminal illness of organ failure.Although the government does not condone the sale of human body organs there is evidence that financial incentives work, and would eliminate the organ market shortage. One financial incentive in suggestion, called the survivor benefits would help pay for the funeral costs, and give family donor recognition for being of service to fellow Americans (mm. ‘. Organ selling. Com. 2006). This may only appeal to fami lies that do not have a burial policy for their deceased, and it is why it is helpful in increasing the supply of cadavers organs while bearing financial assistance in funeral arrangements for their love ones.Against the Centralization of Organs The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 is a ban on the purchase or sale of human organs because it would affect interstate commerce (organelle. Com, 2006). The Senate report simply stated, â€Å"It is the sense of the Committee that individuals, and organizations should not profit by the sale of human organs for transplantation† (organelle. Com, 2006).Criminal activity has entered the organ market in other countries where there has been reports of kidnapping, and murder of children, and adults to harvest their organs for sale, and in India organ trafficking y clinicians, managers, and clinician centers, middle men, and even state officials are under investigation for criminal acts. This raises a concern for the loss of lives of inn ocent people being victimized for monetary gain, and raises a question of doubt in the legitimacy of where, how, and from who was the organ obtained.My Position of Debate The advancement of medicine, and biotechnology achievements has made it possible to greater the procedure in the medical treatment from the terminal illness of organ failure. The loss of human dignity is the major concern when putting a price n human body parts, because of the threat of devaluing the life of a human being. My position on the debate of the centralization of organs for transplant is that organs should not be sold. Respectively, when we go to the hospital for broken bones, and infectious insect or animal bites are Just as fatal if medical treatment is not administered in a timely manner.Medical treatment is based on a need base, and organs for transplant should remain on a need bases. The best suggestions made in my opinion is by Lloyd Cohen, Ph. D. , J. D. Who states, â€Å"The best way to increase the supply of transplant organs is by establishing a future Market in cadavers organs†, by a contractual agreement, like the one we have here in Texas by signing the donor opt on the back of driver's license or by approval from the family of a donor (organelle. Co, 2006), and also the suggestion made by Thomas G. Peters, M. D. Or the donation of an organ a financial incentive for burial expense that is called survivor benefits would help to increase the organ supply, while giving some financial relief to those who could not afford to purchase a burial plan for their loved en. While researching material for this assignment it has also been reported that a donor has donated three cadavers organs. My Moral Judgment with a Moral Argument I think that good will is the moral principle of an individual who has made the decision to donate a vital organ, and that it is a very personal, and private one.Also it should be made known to the family so that there is no misunderstanding about the procedure to remove a vital organ (s) after departure. Religious folk might be offended by thinking that the body is desecrated, but if informed before death embers of the family may be more likely to honor a donor's agreement. The experience in knowing that a part of yourself has given some one the hope to survive a terminal illness to live life to the fullest of expectations is a rewarding acknowledgement of one's own pure self-interest, and is what makes it a Justified one.The Kantian Normative Theory The Kantian Normative Theory best supports my conclusion. According to Kant goodwill is the unique human capacity to act from principle. The willingness to save a life after the finality of your own is right by weighing the ratio of good that the action would produce. The only consequence of the donor is that there is no longer a use for the organ (s) donated. The reasoning in wanting to help cure the illness of organ failure for goodness sake from the sense of duty is a true m oral worth.Women unable to bear children because of organ failure who later had a successful organ transplant were able to experience the Joy of child birth. The concern of medication dosage is under observation for abnormality of child birth has thus far been premature birth. The reasoning for wanting to help cure a terminal illness for goodness sake from the sense of duty is a true moral thought. Conclusion In my conclusion I would like to mention a course study from last quarter, and it was World Religions.I learned that in every religion one seeks individual perfection during the course of their life time, and that most people reach that perfection before their finality in death. Eighty-three percent of individuals in the world has an affiliation with one or more sacred, and holy religions, and seventeen percent with no religion at all, and that most sacred scriptures are edited to teach the continuance of holy, and sacred ways as it pertains to the changing time or era. In thos e sacred religions the one common duty is to better humanity.

American Culture in the 19th Century essays

American Culture in the 19th Century essays American Culture in the 19th Century Culture means the ways in which people understand themselves and interact with each other and their environment. This essay will look at how immigration, poverty, labor disputes, and women struggling for a place in this time period shaped the 19th century. The 19th century was a time of rapid growth and change in America. It was a century of Westward expansion, and the building up of muscular new cities like Chicago. Immigrants brought their cultural traditions to their adopted land. The last three decades of the 19th century were marked by relentless capitalism, corruption, vulgar tastes and ostentatious displays of wealth. While the rich wore diamonds, many other Americans wore rags. In 1890, 11 million of the nations 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year; the average annual income for most families was $380.00, well below the poverty line. In 1871 Mark Twain was quoted as saying What is the chef end of man?-to get rich. In what way? - dishonestly if we can; honestl y if we must. There were three new social classes in America during the 19th century the first two were the industrial capitalists, it included men like Andrew Carnegie. The second social class was the urban middle class. It included mostly doctors, lawyers, shop keepers, factory clerks, and the managers. The urban poor were an extremely larger group. The frustrations of the poor factory workers transformed the labor movement into a vigorous, if often violent force. Workers saw men like Andre Carnegie getting fabulously rich, and were enraged at being left behind. Violent strikes and riots were common place throughout the turn of the century. There was a feeling of unrest and brooding revolution. Industrialists took a hard line against the formation of unions, but the labor movement continued to grow. In 1877, three national unions existed; in 1880 there were eighteen. In 1886, a nat...

The Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant

The Crab Nebula Supernova Remnant Theres a ghostly remnant of star death out there in the night-time sky. It cant be seen with the naked eye. However, stargazers can glimpse it through a  telescope. It looks like a faint wisp of light, and astronomers have long  called it the Crab Nebula. The Ghostly Remains of a Dead Star This faint, fuzzy-looking object is all that remains of a massive star that died in a supernova explosion thousands of years ago. The most famous recent image of this cloud of hot gas and dust was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope  and shows amazing detail of the expanding cloud. Thats not quite how it looks from a backyard-type telescope, but its still worth searching out from November through March each year. The Crab Nebula lies about 6,500 light-years from Earth in the direction of the constellation Taurus. The debris cloud has been expanding ever since the original explosion, and now it covers an area of space about 10 light-years across. People often ask if the Sun will explode like this. Thankfully, the answer is no.   Its not massive enough to create such a sight. Our star will end its days as a planetary nebula.   The Crab Through History For anyone alive in the year 1054, the Crab would have been so bright they could see it in the daytime.  It was easily the brightest object in the sky, besides the Sun and Moon, for several months. Then, as all supernova explosions do, it began to fade. Chinese astronomers noted its presence in the sky as a guest star, and its thought that the Anasazi people who lived in the U.S. desert southwest also noted its presence. Weirdly enough, there are NO mentions of it in European histories of the time, which is somewhat odd, since there WERE people observing the sky.   Some historians have suggested that perhaps wars and famines kept people from paying much attention to celestial sights. Whatever, the reasons, the historical mentions of this awesome sight were pretty limited.   The Crab Nebula got its name in 1840 when William Parsons, the Third Earl of Rosse, using a 36-inch telescope, created a drawing of a nebula he spotted that he thought looked like a crab. With the 36-inch telescope, he was not able to fully resolve the colored web of hot gas around the pulsar. But, he tried again a few years later with a bigger telescope and then he could see greater detail. He noted that his earlier drawings were not representative of the true structure of the nebula, but the name Crab Nebula was already popular.   What Made the Crab What It Is Today? The Crab belongs to a class of objects called supernova remnants (which astronomers shorten down to SNR). They are created when a star many times the mass of the Sun collapses in on itself and then rebounds out in a catastrophic explosion. This is called a supernova. Why does the star do this?  Massive stars eventually run out of fuel in their cores at the same time they are losing their outer layers to space. That expansion of the stellar material is called mass loss, and it actually begins long before the star dies. It gets more intense as the star ages, and so astronomers recognize mass loss as a hallmark of a star that is aging and dying, particularly if theres a LOT of it happening. At some point, the outward pressure from the core cant hold back the massive weight of the outer layers, They collapse in and then everything blasts back out in a violent burst of energy. That sends huge amounts of stellar material out to space. This forms the â€Å"remnant† that we see today. The leftover core of the star keeps contracting under its own gravity. Eventually, it forms a new type  of object called a neutron star. The Crab Pulsar The neutron star  at the heart of the Crab is very small, probably just a few miles across. But it is extremely dense. If someone had a can of soup filled with neutron star material, it would have about the same mass as Earths Moon!   The pulsar itself is roughly in the center of the nebula and spins very fast,  about 30 times a second. Rotating neutron stars like this are called pulsars (derived from the words PULSating stARS). The pulsar inside the Crab  is one of the most powerful ever observed. It injects so much energy into the nebula that astronomers can detect light streaming away from the cloud in virtually every wavelength, from low-energy radio photons to the highest energy  gamma rays. The Pulsar Wind Nebula The Crab Nebula is also referred to as a pulsar wind nebula or PWN. A PWN is a nebula that is created by the material that is ejected by a pulsar interacting with random interstellar gas and the pulsar’s own magnetic field. PWNs are often difficult to distinguish from SNRs, since they often look very similar. In some cases, objects will appear with a PWN but no SNR. The Crab Nebula contains a PWN inside the SNR, and it appears as a sort of cloudy area in the middle of the HST image. Astronomers continue to study the Crab and chart the outward motion of its remnant clouds. The pulsar remains an object of great interest, as well as the material its lighting up as it swings its searchlight-like beam around during its rapid spin.      Edited by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Social Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Technology - Essay Example She later conceives this idea, perhaps that person view himself absent and hence never minding to talk his personal business in public. The attachment human kinds have with their electronic gadgets had â€Å"turned them cyborgs† (35-36), she writes. It has the ability to make us feel alone, secure and reminiscing about happy moments. It gives solace in the kindest ways human beings have never invented. â€Å"With it†, Sherry observes, referring to collections of his connectivity, â€Å"it is not just that I keep remembering people or I have more ideas†, I feel sociable, invisible. It’s like I’m naked without it. (35-36). People would always prefer to be connected to their â€Å"world† as it provides solace. There is no room for feeling unhappy about anything and have nostalgic feeling. We are always called to multitask with the invention of the new technology. Most people hardly get sleep or wake up in their right foot before being engaged with their gadgets. Sherry observes an interesting point, â€Å"I have discovered that informing myself about daily profession demands is not a healthy way to start or end my day, but state has been unhappily continuing† (36- 37). The connected world have provided so much solace to us such we are already entangled to it and despite persistent efforts to sway away from such behaviors, it is evidently hard to stop. It seems we have irreversibly changed to be robots. At adolescent stage, it is all about finding identity. Most of us at that stage hardly know what to settles on and the mind is always in constant struggle deliberating on matters of life. That the past, with the current trends in communication technology, young people find space that they cherish on being â€Å"online†. They find that desirable space that seems to bring one’s identity as Sherry notes, â€Å"connectivity has the potential to offer new dimension on identity, and particularly in adolescence, it brings the sense of free space

I have chosen to look at the Death Penalty in America. Each state in Research Paper

I have chosen to look at the Death Penalty in America. Each state in the US has a different view on what is and what is not a ca - Research Paper Example The execution of those who have committed capital offenses varies from country to country depending on the laws in place and in America it varies from state to state. Some states like Wisconsin, Michigan, New Jersey, Hawaii and the District of Columbia have already abolished the use of death penalty while states like California, Georgia, Florida, North and South Carolina, and Texas among others still enact the practice (Galliher et al. 6). According to (Berkowitz, 66), capital punishment has been in use for many years, since the time of King Hammurabi, as well as during the Roman Empire. However, it has spurred a lot of controversies along political, judicial and moral lines. The proponents of the death penalty argue that it deters crime especially homicide but researchers have over the years established that even though the punishment continues to be imposed, the states that have long abolished the practice have lower rates of murder than those that continue to use it (Morrison, 201 1). This begs the question whether death penalty really deters crime. Criminologists argue that death penalty is necessary as it’s a preventive social measure however, religious leaders belief in sanctity of life thus making intentional killing immoral. On the other hand, the offenders are given a chance to defend themselves and appeal before being sentenced to death though this does not prevent innocent people from being convicted. The constitution of many states also seems to offer too much protection to the accused person which then raises the question whether this contributes to further crime. The paper will discuss the various states that support death penalty and those that do not as well as the pros and cons on the death penalty and why it should not be adopted by every state. History of Death Penalty Death penalty is not a new phenomenon as it was in existence as early a 10th century A.D in Britain where criminals were punished by hanging (Herrmann, 4). Later, they we re punished by burning and beheading among other cruel means. The first person to be executed in USA was Captain George Kendall for being a spy for Spain in 1608. Nowadays, more means of execution which are more humane have been put in place such as use of lethal injection, electric chair, and gas chamber. Under the 8th amendment on the constitution, death penalty is prohibited as it is cruel and unusual but some states still enforce it. The offenders in early times did not have many protections as they do now. A death row inmate can have his/her sentence reduced to life imprisonment if s/he can prove that the sentence was racially discriminatory (Death Penalty Information Center). The convicts are also provided with defense attorneys, investigators and experts and the jury and the judge have to be qualified. They are also entitled to make appeals which are paid for using tax payers’ money. Besides, some states protect the women and the mentally retarded as well as the juveni les against such punishment. In the past, a convict was executed without delay unlike nowadays where the process is too lengthy and those convicted are rarely executed as they die of natural causes before execution; the time between conviction and execution is 25yrs hence convicts have ample time to appeal (DPIC). In the past offenders were executed for committing crimes such as; murder, treason, and drug trafficking. Many states nowadays execute the offenders for committing first degree murder although some states are calling for

Business Idea Diary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Idea Diary - Essay Example It is well known that many persons have issues when it comes to waking up. People set alarms, but fail to wake up even after hearing one. Instead, they just press the snooze button and go on sleeping. The smart pillow comes in here. Connected to power, it shall analyze the persons sleeping pattern through brain activity and then through computer output, the software shall be connected to an alarm that predetermines the number of hours that person needs depending on their sleeping activity and give a choice of three specific time settings that the person can choose from to set the alarm. I will make money to make this product sustainable by placing a business proposal on popular funding websites for people with brilliant business ideas to get donations, funds and investments from. 2. This idea actually came up in mind as I was facing problems in my sleep. I had problems in rising up in the morning and also in getting to bed. I would set the alarm but would either not hear it or actually ignore it. Hence, I thought, â€Å"A smart pillow,† why not? 3. Rating my business idea on a scale of 1 to 10, I think my idea lies at level 8. The reason for this is because it is radical. It brings about a radical change to how pillows are normally used. On its feasibility, the idea is very much feasible. With many other smart devices out there for different purposes, scientists have come up with various ways to monitor brain activity which can be incorporated into pillows. What this product does is that it complements the existing products, in this case pillows that are already in use. This product creates an opportunity for more products of analysis to be brought nearer and create more interaction with their users without negative side effects in the near future. The hurdles that this product faces in the market are one, convincing the likely users that it does not harm them at all because it shall be used in contact with the persons and

Effects of Marginalizing Social and Environmental Reporting

Effects of Marginalizing Social and Environmental Reporting AIM The aim of this research work is to observe and analyze the implications of marginalizing Social and Environmental reporting and explain how such reporting can be strengthened. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES Problem statement Conventional accounting reports place more emphasis on the financial performance of reporting entities compared to their social and environmental performance. Guidance on social and environmental reporting is currently provided by organizations outside the accounting profession, such as AccountAbility (AA) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). We are going to discuss the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting. We will also shed light on how such reporting can be strengthened. Objectives To shed light on the above we will try to find out the following in our project: Identify what has impelled the need for social and environmental reporting. Identify how and why Social and Environmental reporting is being incorporated by entities into their reporting. Identify the alternative approaches to Social and Environmental reporting. Illustrate the relevance of the guidelines presented by organizations such as AccountAbility and Global Reporting Initiatives on Social and Environmental Reporting. Discuss the nature of voluntary disclosure. State the implications of marginalizing Social and Environmental reporting. Outline how such reporting could be strengthened and be effectively incorporated by reporting entities. RESEARCH METHODS The following methods were used to gather information to compile this project: Literature review was done. Previous working papers and journal articles of different accounting professionals and authors were analyzed in order to attain information that was both relevant and reliable in regards to social and environmental reporting. We also interviewed Mr Napolioni Batimala (Audit Manager à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" PWC) to derive the current information available regarding the issues concerning social and environmental reporting and its current stand. Case studies on three Fiji companies were conducted, in order to determine the situation in Fiji regarding Social and Environmental reporting. A qualitative data analysis of the results was carried out. These were selected based on their extensive environmental (FSC) and social (BAT) impacts. FMF was also considered, as it is the largest, manufacturing company in the country. British American Tobacco Fiji Ltd Fiji Sugar Corporation Flour mills of Fiji Library research was also conducted. Extensive archival research and literary research from respective journals was carried out in order to find extensive views and analysis and to get insight on past research and current thoughts on this topic. Annual reports were analyzed such as: British American Tobacco (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2007) FSC (2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008) Flour Mills of Fiji (2005-2008) Internet research was conducted as well. Proquest references were sourced to get hold of electronic journals for the issues of journals that USP library does not hold. The access of Internet references provided more up-to-date statistics and secular information that were available in library references. The South Pacific Stock Exchange (SPSE) website was also extensively visited. Corporate websites for these companies were also visited. This project was compiled from discussion generated in our group during meeting in which information obtained by the methods mentioned above were extensively analyzed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research topic we undertook reflected the social and economic reality of many countries. It no doubt is an indication of the future of many companies in Fiji itself. This project would not have been possible without the contribution of the following authorities and individuals for providing us with latest information and their views on social and environmental reporting. We are very appreciative to: Mr. Tevita Veituna Our Tutor Mr. Nacanieli Rika The Course Co-coordinator Mr. Napolioni Batimala à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Audit Manager (PWC) The organizations and individuals who have contributed information We would like to take this opportunity to thank anyone else who contributed towards the project in any way possible. DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY We, Rieaz, Moreen, Priya and Zafeen hereby declare that the information presented in this project is our original work and correct to date. All the working papers especially used in the literature review or in guidance of this project are clearly referenced in the bibliography with in text referencing given after the various quotations used. RATIONALE With the emergence of many social and environmental problems globally including gender discrimination in the workforce, and excessive use of child labor, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the thinning of the ozone layer and global warming, deforestation, species extinction, waste disposal, energy usage land, air, and water pollution, usage of toxic chemicals, and resource scarcity together with the occurrence of significant environmental disasters such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill and the Bhopal gas leakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Lodhia, S., 2004: p.111) and the growing power of the media to air these issues worldwide together with the apparent popularity of vocal special interest groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International, has resulted in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“increased community attention towards the identification of approaches to deal more effectively with these concernsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Wilmshurst Frost, 2000). This is what the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (2001) has to say, A combination of growing awareness of environmental issues by the general population and increased non-governmental organization (NGO) pressure and activity has led many corporations to reflect on and revise their corporate environmental responsibilities. This heightened anxiety amongst the members of society over the adverse effects of business operations on the physical and social environment has culminated into what is referred to as social and environmental reporting, or synonymously, corporate social responsibility reporting (CSR). Social and environmental reporting as acknowledged by Deegan (2006) is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reporting that typically involves the provision, to a range of stakeholders, of information about the performance of an entity with regard to its interaction with its physical and social environment, inclusive of information about an entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s support of employees, local and overseas communities, safety record and use of natural resources.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This seminar paper endeavors to report on the main issues concerning social and environmental reporting. Thus, it will seek to address the following issues in relation to social and environmental reporting: how specific accounting theories help us to understand it, its perceived benefits to the reporting entities and society and some alternative approaches to social and environmental reporting such as AccountAbility and Global Reporting Initiative. It is important to note that in Fiji, social and environmental reporting is voluntary in nature. Furthermore, the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting is also discussed together with suggestions on how this type of reporting can be strengthened. INTRODUCTION Conventionally, the accounting function of business organizations have been based on the accounting entity, measurement of economic events in financial terms and users of reports who are only concerned with the financial implications of entity on business position and performance. However, there has been emerging a new focus in business reporting in this era where there are now various stakeholders who are demanding information on social and environmental performance of entities to be disclosed as well as financial performance. These demands have increased pressures on entities to use social and environmental issues in the decision-making process. This is particularly vital for the South Pacific Island communities, which have been plagued by a range of environmental problems culminating in sea-level rise and unexpected climatic change in the Islands. These issues are also critical in Fiji and in recent years growing public awareness has resulted in closer scrutiny of the activities of the major industries that may be contributing to environmental degradation. The oil spillages in Suvaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s major industrial area, Walu Bay (Fiji Times, 19 April 1998; Fiji Sun, 2 Feb 2000) and many activities as such have provoked the need for appropriate environmental and social legislation in Fiji. Many companies throughout the world publish reports that discuss their economic, environmental and social performance. This evidently shows that companies today are now embracing sustainability as a corporate goal, rather than simply aiming for profitability. These practices represent moves towards sustainable development by these organizations, which require these entities to unequivocally consider various aspects of their economic, social and environmental performance. ( Deegan 2006 p.327) Such disclosure includes that in-printed form such as- Examples standalone environmental reports, triple bottom line reports, sustainability and annual reports. In addition information that is disseminated on the Internet via corporate websites. (Hooks van Staden 2007 p.197) These social reporting practices are often referred to as corporate social responsibility reporting, or sustainability reporting. The latter covers aspects of both financial sustainability and performance, and social and environmental sustainability.(Deegan 2006 p.329) The moral arguments for greater corporate social responsibility arise from the increases in size, power and spread of multinational companies, as well as an increased awareness of the impact of companies on the environment and local communities.(Adams 2004 pg.731) This increase in awareness has been brought about by the media, the Internet, and the action of non-governmental organizations. These social reporting practices are often referred to as corporate social responsibility reporting, or sustainability reporting. The latter covers aspects of both financial sustainability and performance, and social and environmental sustainability.(Deegan 2006 p.329) The moral arguments for greater corporate social responsibility arise from the increases in size, power and spread of multinational companies, as well as an increased awareness of the impact of companies on the environment and local communities.(Adams 2004 pg.731) This increase in awareness has been brought about by the media, the Internet, and the action of non-governmental organizations. Social and environmental reporting developed as stakeholders began to demand information on other aspects of an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s operations, apart from their financial performance. Stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and needs have extended to the entitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social and environmental performance. These were in the form of widespread interest of stakeholders in terms of demand for social reports of entities, pressure from environmental lobby groups to increase environmental disclosures, and also the increased competitiveness of the business environment where stakeholders today demand more accountability and transparency from organizations, concerning the utilization of their resources. Our project will basically emphasize on social and environmental reporting by business firms. We will also shed light on the organizations outside the accounting profession namely, AccountAbility (AA) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) who are providing guidance on social and environmental reporting. It also incorporates the implications of marginalizing social and environmental reporting and how such reporting can be strengthened and effectively be incorporated by reporting entities. The various theories relating to voluntary disclosure are looked at, such as the legitimacy theory, stakeholder theory and institutional theory etc. How the information is reported and what implications it might have on the users of social and environmental information, in helping make decisions is also discussed. An analysis on some Fiji companies has also been undertaken to determine the extent of environmental and social reporting. However, social and environmental reporting in Fiji, is voluntary in nature to this day. THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS The different theoretical perspectives need not be seen as competitors for explanation but as sources of interpretation of different factors at different levels of resolution. In this sense, legitimacy theory and stakeholder theory enrich, rather than compete for, our understandings of corporate social disclosure practices. (Gray, Kouhy and Lavers 1995 ) Specific accounting theories help us to understand social and environmental reporting, by seeking to explain why many organizations publicly release information about their social and environmental performance, even with the general lack of regulation in this area. That is, it helps us understand what motivates entities to release this information voluntarily. LEGITIMACY THEORY According to Lindblom, legitimacy is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a condition or status which exists when an entitys value system is congruent with the value system of the larger social system of which the entity is a part. When a disparity, actual or potential, exists between the two value systems, there is a threat to the entitys legitimacy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?[1] This theory asserts that organizations continually seek to ensure that they are perceived as operating within the bounds and norms of their respective societies (which change over time), that is, they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties as being legitimate. Information disclosure is therefore vital to establishing corporate legitimacy.(Deegan 2006 pg.275) Under Legitimacy Theory, an entity would undertake certain social activities (and provide an account of this), if management recognizes that the particular activities were expected by the society in which it operates. It is part of their social contract, or as is often stated by companies, part of their license to operate. If an entity fails to undertake these activities that are expected by the community, it would be identified as breaching its social contract. This will result in the entity no longer being considered legitimate. Therefore this will have an effect on the support the entity receives from the society, and consequently its survival. Hence, success for an entity under this theory is impendent on it fulfilling its social contract. Lindblom, 1994 and Patten, 2000 state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“according to legitimacy theory, social disclosure is a means to deal with the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exposure to political and social pressuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (as cited in Freedman Jaggi 2005). Those companies without much regard to environmental and social performance might find it faced with sanctions or explicit regulations imposed on them. In addition, they may also find it very difficult to obtain resources and finance or find the support of the community in which it works in the form of employee dissatisfaction. Legitimacy theory assumes that society will allow an organization to continue operations up until the firm meets the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectation. And the firm generally meets expectations to avoid further government regulations on operations or bad effects on reputation. But if there are some expectations that the management feels are unreasonable, they may try to change stakeholder expectations or try to justify their actions. Legitimacy theory has been examined in numerous empirical studies with the results being fairly consistent in confirming the theory. For example the Deegan and Gordon (1996) study indicated among other findings, that there was a positive correlation between the environmental sensitivity of the industry to which the corporation belonged and the level of corporate environment disclosure. In addition, another study by Deegan, Rankin and Vought (2000) found that companies did appear to change their disclosure policies around the time of major company and industry related incidents. That is, social disclosure policies in the annual reports of companies tended to change when major social incidents or disasters occurred in the industry. However, legitimacy is not only achieved by the actual conduct of the organization. Legitimacy is gained as long as the society perceives that the firm is acting responsibly. But sometimes, the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perceptions are quite misplaced as information disclosures, which are vital to establishing legitimacy do not give an accurate account of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s activities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An organization may diverge dramatically from societal norms yet retain legitimacy because the divergence goes unnoticed.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Suchman, 1995, p. 574) So if society does not know that a firm is not acting ethically, then legitimacy cannot be threatened. Lindblom describes 4 strategies of legitimization that an organization can adopt. The firm may seek to: educate and inform its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"relevant publicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ about actual changes in the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and activities. change the perceptions of the relevant public without having to change the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual behaviour manipulate perception by deflecting attention from the issue of concern to other related issues through an appeal to, for example, emotive symbols change external expectations of its performance Hence, we can conclude from the perspective of this theory that, social and environmental reporting may be just a tool that entities use to legitimize or justify their operations. Particularly in the case of entities in industries which have extensive environmental and social impacts. For example, petroleum, oil or gas companies, tobacco producers, pharmaceutical companies, and manufacturing companies. STAKEHOLDER THEORY Stakeholder theory is concerned with how management addresses the various issues associated with relationships with stakeholders. In other words, it is how an organization manages its stakeholders. According to Freeman (1984), traditionally, the firms used the inputs of investors, suppliers and employees to convert inputs into usable outputs which customers use and return to the firm some capital benefit. By this, firms only address the needs and desires of those four parties which are investors, suppliers, employees and customers. Stakeholder theory acknowledges that there are other parties involved, including governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities, and associated corporations. This view of the firm is applied to identify the specific stakeholders of a corporation, that is, the normative theory of stakeholder identifies as well as examines the conditions under which these parties should be treated as stakeholders, the descriptive theory of stakeholder. The two make up the modern treatment of Stakeholder Theory. It attempts to describe, prescribe, and derive alternatives for corporate governance that include and balance a multitude of interests. In the ruling paradigm of corporate governance, those who invest their capital into any type of business, and those who risk losing their investment in parts or in total, have a right and a responsibility to govern the business they have invested into. Capital investors or principals either govern the business themselves, or they do so with support of agents or managers who they may appoint. One way to sum up the use of the stakeholder concept in the management literature and stakeholder theories is by reference to the framework suggested by Donaldson and Preston (22). It can be used in a number of ways, they identify a descriptive, and an instrumental and a normative aspect of stakeholder theory that can help understand and classify the different facets of stakeholder theory. They argue that: Stakeholder theory is descriptive as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it describes the corporation as a constellation of cooperative and competitive interests possessing intrinsic valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (p.66). This is also known as the positive approach. Stakeholder theory is instrumental since à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it establishes a framework for examining the connections, if any, between the practice of stakeholder management and the achievement of a variety of corporate performance goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Lastly, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the fundamental basisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of stakeholder theory is normative and involves acceptance of the following ideas: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stakeholders are persons or groups with legitimate interests in procedural and /or substantive aspects of corporate activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the interests of all stakeholders are of intrinsic valueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The difference between the three uses of stakeholder theory is explained by the fact that they imply different types of claims and include different forms of reasoning for their justification. Positive (or descriptive) uses of stakeholder theory make claims to truth and are justified through constative discourses, strategic (or instrumental) uses make claims of effectiveness and employ pragmatic discourses, and normative uses of stakeholder theory can entail different types of claims (rightness, goodness) and be justified through different types of discourses (moral, ethical). However, this research report is limited to explain that the stakeholder theory comprises of an ethical/moral or normative branch also known as the prescriptive branch and a positive or managerial branch. The ethical or normative branch of the stakeholder theory basically deals with fairness, that is, to treat all stakeholders the same. While the positive or managerial approach focus more on the ability of the stakeholders to influence or be influenced by a company. It is primarily a theory of the private-sector firm although the insights can be applied in parts to public sector settings. This is due to the circumstance that public management responsibilities are similar to private sector management tasks not only formally but also concerning the rising network nature of organizations in both spheres. It gives a more refined solution by referring to particular groups within society, that is, stakeholder groups while the Legitimacy theory discusses the expectations of society in general. Stakeholder theory recognises that as different stakeholder groups will have different opinions about how an organization should carry out its operations, there will be a variety of social contracts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"negotiatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ with different stakeholder groups, instead of one contract with society in general. Stakeholder Theory (Normative/Ethical Perspective): The ethical or normative branch of Stakeholder theory argues that all stakeholders have the right to be treated fairly by an organization, regardless of the resources that they individually control or how economically powerful they are. Therefore organizations should consider the rights of all parties affected by the operation of the entity. The definition of stakeholders in this case would include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Freeman 1984). Stakeholder Theory (Positive/Managerial Perspective): The managerial or positive branch of stakeholder theory predicts that management is more likely to focus on meeting the expectations of powerful stakeholders. These are those that have the greatest potential to influence the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to generate profits, that is have the most economic power and influence over the firm. Under this perspective, management would be expected to undertake those economic, social and environmental activities expected by the powerful stakeholders, and also provide an account of these activities to these stakeholders. (Deegan 2006 p.298) Defining Stakeholders A stakeholder in an organization is by definition any identifiable group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objective (Freeman, 1984: 25). As a broad definition this includes many individuals or organizations for instance, governments, shareholders, creditors, employees and their families, local charities, local communities, media and so forth. It also allows the inclusion of groups such as terrorists and competitors (Phillips, 1997). For clarity this dilemma can partly be resolved by narrowing the definition in a meaningful way, that is, to divide the stakeholders into primary and secondary stakeholders. By following Clarksons argument (Clarkson, 1994), Mitchell et al. claimed that the use of risk as a second defining property for the stake in an organization helps to narrow down the stakeholder field to those with legitimate claims, despite the legitimacy of their relationship to the firm or their power to influence the firm. (Mitchell et al., 1997, 857). Therefore, a primary stakeholder was identified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one whose continuing participation to the corporation is vital as a going concernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. While secondary stakeholders were identified to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"those who affect or influence, or are affected or influenced by the corporation but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation and are not crucial for its survivalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. According to Clarkson, primary stakeholders must primarily be considered by management, as they are essential for the survival of a company. Also, in order for the company to succeed in the long run, it must primarily be administered for the benefit of all stakeholders. This definition may be related to the managerial branch of the stakeholder theory that will be discussed later. However, with the focus on primary stakeholders; it is challenged by the ethical branch of the stakeholder theory that all stakeholders have a right to be considered by management. Critiques of Stakeholder Theory There have been a variety of critiques of stakeholder theory from many viewpoints. Weiss (1995) discards the descriptive and instrumental usage of stakeholder theory and comes to a conclusion that the normative use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“probably might be too limited and has a too weak foundation to be considered as either useful or valid.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Further critiques suggest that business interests are vital in both the identification of stakeholders and prioritizing their demands (Thomas, 1999; Banerjee, 2000). The stakeholdersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs and demands may be limited particularly where stakeholders groups have very different social, cultural and political agenda. A great deal of critique has been towards the level of engagement with stakeholders that is, little consultation instead of genuine dialogue and the exchange of ideas. That is, the stakeholderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs are not taken seriously. INSTITUTIONAL THEORY Institutional Theory is a relatively new perspective that assumes that managers of an organization will develop or adopt new practices (such as social and environmental reporting) as a result of a variety of institutional pressures. For example, managers may be concerned that if they do not keep up with other entities in developing new practices, they will risk disapproval from some of their economically powerful stakeholders. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY According to Godfrey, Hodgson and Holmes (2003), social contract has been described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the interaction between individuals or organizations within society through implicit or explicit boundaries of behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, where implicit boundaries are moral obligations and explicit boundaries are regulatory requirements. Therefore, the social contract explains the boundaries of acceptable interaction between participants in a society. The social contract is sometimes used to explain the behaviour of firms where productive organizations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subject to moral evaluations which transcend the boundaries of the political systems that contain them. The underlying function of all such organizations from the standpoint of society is to enhance social welfare through satisfying consumer and worker interests, while at the same time remaining within the bounds of justice. When they fail to live up to these expectations they are deserving of moral criticismsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Thus, because of a businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ social contract with stakeholders within a community, it is expected to perform only those actions which are desirable and beneficial to the whole society, rather than having to the investors only. This will give the firm acceptance from the society. Hence, management responds positively to environmental and social issues, because it has it has moral obligations to the society and failure to exercise care while carrying out their activities i.e. doing misdeeds towards the community will result in introduction of regulatory requirements to control management performance on environment and employee, for example. POSITIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY: Positive Accounting Theory predicts that all people are driven by self-interest. As such, particular social and environmental reporting activities, and their related disclosure, would only take place if they had positive wealth implications for the management involved. Therefore motives for social and environmental reporting can be a result of a reporting entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to maximize financial returns for shareholders and (or) managers by using social and environmental reporting as a tool to maintain and enhance the support of economically powerful stakeholders. On the other hand, it may also be a result of an entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desire to discharge duties of accountability for the social and environmental impact the organization (potentially) has on a wide range of stakeholders. LITERATURE REVIEW Historical Development: Non-financial disclosure existed in a variety of forms in corporate reports in periods long before the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s.Studies have found that such voluntary disclosure have existed for a number of decades. For example, Unerman (2000a,b) found evidence of social disclosures in annual reports of the Anglo-Dutch oil company Shell since 1897,with these disclosures becoming more prevalent from the 1950s.Adams te (1998) analysed UK banks and retailers from 1935,Tinker mark (1987,1988) and Neimark (1992) analysed social-type disclosures in the annual reports of the US company General Motors from 1916.Studies by Campbell (2000) and others have examined social and environmental disclosures in companies from the 1960s and 1970s. Thus, the development of social and environmental reporting in the 1990s was a development of non-financial reporting practice rather than a completely new phenomenon. (Deegan 2006 p.331). A review on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Social responsibility and impact on societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Mohamed Zairi (2000) discusses the emerging commitment to address both environment and societal concerns, an area which is growing in terms of significance and proven to impact on business performances, reputation and corporate image. The observation made was that the world wide organizations have staged conferences to debate the relevance of social and environmental reporting on corporations and stakeholders. Also companies have started to make real headway in this area of reporting by proposing a framework that deals with social and environmental reporting and disclosing issues that concerns social and environmental reporting. According to Trevor Wilmshurst and Geoffrey Frost (2000) , they tried to analyze the link between the importances of, as stated by reporters of specific factors in the decision to disclose environmental information and actual reporting practices. They used Legitimacy theory as an explanatory theory of environmental disclosure. The legitimacy t